surveying and leveling, survey 1 and survey 2
Surveying & Leveling 
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Survey Class Lecture Notes Free Download
Civil Surveying - Topographic Survey
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 Circular Curves - Types, Components & Setting Out |
 Curvature & Refraction |
Civil Engineering survey is based on measuring, recording and drawing to scale the physical features on the surface of the earth. For different survey sites, different tools and survey equipment is used. The surveyor uses instruments for measuring, a field book for recording and nowadays surveying softwares for plotting and drawing to scale the site features |
The earth appears to “fall away” with distance. The curved shape of the earth means that the level surface through the telescope will depart from the horizontal plane through the telescope as the line of sight proceeds to the horizon. Refraction is largely a function of atmospheric pressure and temperature gradients, which may cause the bending to be up or down by extremely variable amounts. |
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 Geodetic Surveying |
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Geodetic or trigonometrically surveying takes into account the curvature of earth Since very extensive areas and very large distances are involved. In geodic surveying highly refined instruments and methods are used. Geodetic work is undertaken by the state agency e.g. survey of Pakistan undertaken by the state agency... Baseline Measurement - Equipments & Methods Corrections for Baseline Measurement |
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| Photographic Surveying |
 Hydrographic Surveying |
Photogrammetry may be divided into two classes.
In terrestrial photogrammetry maps are prepared from ground photographs. In aerial photogrammetry maps are produced from air photographs... How to Photogrammetry | Tunnel Survey | Scale Distortion in Photos |
It is the branch of surveying which deals with any body of still or running water such as a lake, harbor, stream or river. Hydrographic surveys are used to define shore line and under water features... |
 Plane Table Surveying |
Errors in Surveying & Levelling |
Methods of Plane Table Survey: |
Following are the few errors encountered in surveying and levelling....
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 Maintenance of Surveying Equipment |
Applications of Surveying in Career |
Surveying equipment is being used under most stressful conditions. The equipment is exposed to extreme weather conditions, used in dusty construction areas and is subject to bumpy transportation. Proper care in the method by which equipment is used, stored, transported, and adjusted is a major factor in the successful completion of the survey... |
The basic principles of surveying have changed little over the ages, but the tools used by surveyors have evolved tremendously. Engineering, especial civil engineering depends heavily on surveyors. When ever there are roads, railways, reservoir, dams, retaining walls, bridges, or residential area to be built, surveyors are involved.... |
 Compound Curves |
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Combination of two or more simple circular curves of different radius having their curvature in the same direction. Essentially, a compound curve consists of two curves that are joined at a point of tangency and are located on the same side of a common tangent. |
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